Govt 2302 Essay Example

Govt 2302 Essay HAPTER 12 The Judiciary Chapter Focus The purpose of this chapter is to describe the policy-making role of the federal judiciary, in particular that of the Supreme Court. To appreciate the significance of this role, students need basic knowledge about the history of the Supreme Court, the structure and procedures of the federal courts, the nature of controversy over the courts, and the restraints on judicial policy making. After reading and reviewing the material in this chapter, you should be able to do each of the following: 1. Discuss the meaning and significance of judicial review and its relationship to Marbury v. Madison. 2. List and comment on the three eras of varying Supreme Court influences on national policy from the days of slavery to the present. 3. Describe the partisan influences on federal judicial appointments. 4. Describe how the nature of federalism affects the jurisdiction of federal and state courts. 5. Discuss the ways in which cases can get to the Supreme Court. 6. Describe the financial and non-financial obstacles of getting into federal court. 7. Explain how political scientists classify justices as liberal or conservative and why they do so. 8. Enumerate four measures of judicial power and describe how judicial power can be restrained by Congress and by public opinion. 9. Develop arguments for and against an activist Supreme Court. 10. Explain the relationship between public and the courts. Study Outline I. Introduction A. Courts in the United States play a major role in policy making 1. Due to judicial review: right to declare acts and laws unconstitutional 2. Since 1789, Supreme Court has ruled over 100 laws unconstitutional 3. In Great Britain, no judicial review in American sense, but parliamentary supremacy B. We will write a custom essay sample on Govt 2302 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Govt 2302 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Govt 2302 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Controversy is over method of judicial review 1. Strict constructionist (conservative philosophy today) 2. Activist approach (liberal philosophy today) II. The Development of the Federal Courts A. Introduction 1. Founders did not expect a major policy role for the federal courts 2. Traditional view: judges find and apply existing law 3. Evolution of courts shaped by political, economic, and ideological forces B. National supremacy and slavery (1789–1865) 1. Marbury v. Madison—established doctrine of judicial review (see the â€Å"Marbury v. Madison† box) 2. McCulloch v. Maryland: federal law declared supreme over state law 3. Dred Scott v. Sandford: blacks were not, and could not become, free 4. Interstate commerce clause is placed under the authority of federal law C. Government and the economy (1865–1937) 1. Dominant issue of the period: whether the economy could be regulated by state and federal governments 2. Private property held to be protected by the Fourteenth Amendment 3. Courts unsure of how to draw line between â€Å"reasonable† and â€Å"unreasonable† regulation 4. The Court interpreted the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments narrowly as applied to blacks D. The protection of political liberty and economic regulation (1937–present) 1. Supreme Court gave regulatory powers to legislatures 2. Voided congressional acts that violate personal liberties 3. Court-packing plan shifts interpretation III. The Structure of the Federal Courts A. Only federal court mandated by Constitution is Supreme Court 1. Congress has created constitutional courts—district Courts (94), courts of appeals (12), plus other specialized courts (e. . , Court of International Trade) 2. Legislative courts—specialized purpose, fixed office terms for judges (e. g. , Court of Military Appeals and other territorial courts) B. Recent court nominations 1. Bush administration nominees 2. Filibustering by Senate democrats C. Supreme Court appointments are partisan 1. Nominated by president, confirmed by Senate (only five rejected during the twentieth century) 2. Pre sidents cannot be sure how a judge will behave after appointment 3. Presidents can tilt Court ideologically D. Lower federal courts 1. Senatorial courtesy† checks presidential control in district court nominations 2. Comparison of Carter and Reagan appointments: number of women and blacks 3. Democratic and Republican judges differ in voting, but ideology usually does not influence decisions IV. The Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts (see the â€Å"Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts† box) A. Dual court system 1. Federal jurisdiction: Article III and the Eleventh Amendment—involve â€Å"federal question† cases, diversity of citizenship cases 2. Federal District Court handles federal criminal laws 3. Appeal from a federal regulatory agency goes to U. S. Court of Appeal 4. Only Supreme Court handles disputes between two state governments 5. Vast majority of all federal cases begin in district courts 6. Gideon case illustrates how lower court’s appeal can be influential B. Appeals to the Supreme Court 1. Certiorari—main route involving substantial federal questions 2. Courts of appeal usually last word V. Getting to Court A. Deterrents 1. The Court rejects 95 percent of applications for certiorari 2. High costs of appeal (pauper writs) B. Fee shifting . Each party must pay cost of lawsuit 2. Fee shifting allows plaintiff to collect costs from defendant 3. Flood of Section 1983 lawsuits C. Standing 1. Must be controversy between adversaries 2. Personal harm must be demonstrated 3. Being taxpayer not entitlement for suit 4. Sovereign immunity, but government can waive D. Class-action suits 1. Brought on behalf of all similarly situated—Brown v. Board of Education 2. Financial incentives to bring suit; Congress not addressing issues; profitable for lawyers 3. Need to notify all members of the class since 1974 VI. The Supreme Court in Action A. Oral arguments by lawyers 1. Questions by justices 2. Role of solicitor general 3. Amicus curiae briefs influence as well as legal periodicals B. Conference procedures 1. Role of chief justice 2. Selection of opinion writer 3. Opinions—per curiam, unanimous, majority, concurring, or dissenting C. Voting behavior 1. Blocs on Court are predictable 2. Three blocs: liberal, conservative, and swing VII. The Power of the Courts A. The power to make policy 1. By interpretation 2. Importance of stare decisis, or precedent, but court will change mind 3. Court’s willingness to deal with â€Å"political questions† 4. Judicial â€Å"remedies†Ã¢â‚¬â€may affect thousands or even millions of people B. Views of judicial activism 1. Courts are last resort and correct injustices 2. Courts lack expertise in particular 3. Court is not accountable to the people; judges not elected C. The causes of activism 1. U. S. has more lawyers, but a symptom not a cause 2. American adversary culture 3. Easier for people to get into court 4. Vague congressional language requires judicial interpretation 5. Reviewing regulatory agency decisions 6. Belief of many judges/law professors that courts should make policy VIII. Checks on Judicial Power A. Court decisions can be resisted, since courts cannot enforce B. Congress and the courts 1. Alter the composition of the judiciary 2. Confirmation and impeachment proceedings 3. Changing the number of judges 4. Revising legislation declared unconstitutional 5. Altering jurisdiction of the courts 6. Constitutional amendment C. Public opinion and the courts 1. Opinion can both restrain and energize the courts 2. Supreme Court most powerful when parties have been weak or divided 3. Opinion may object to decisions but not to court as institution 4. Opinion of courts vary with support of government as a whole Key Terms Match Match the following terms and descriptions. Set 1 |1. _____ Describes when a president has attempted to appoint his |a. activist | |type of judges to the Court in order to secure a majority. |b. amicus curiae brief | |2. _____ A means by which one who has an interest in a case, but |c. briefs | |is not a litigant, can present views. d. class-action suit | |3. _____ A means by which one who has been injured can bring |e. recess appointment | |action on behalf of all similarly situated. |f. constitutional courts | |4. _____ The power of the courts to determine the |g. courts of appeal | |constitutionality of legislative and executive acts. |h. dissenting opinion | |5. ____ Litigation in which a citizen of one state sues a |i. Dred Scott | |citizen of another state and the amount of money in dispute is |j. diversity case | |more than $50,000. |k . Federalist No. 78 | |6. _____ A court established under Article III of the |l. †packing the court† | |Constitution. |m. in forma pauperis | |7. _____ An approach to judicial review which holds that judges |n. udicial review | |should discover the general principles underlying the |o. American rule | |Constitution. |p. Marbury v. Madison | | |q. McCulloch v. Maryland | | | | | | | |8. ____ Correlates with the thoughts of the Founding Fathers | | |that the courts would play a relatively neutral-passive role in | | |public affairs. | | |9. _____ Intermediate appellate courts of the federal judiciary | | |which have been classified â€Å"constitutional courts† by Congress. | | |10. ____ Describes how in America each party to a lawsuit must | | |pay its own way. | | |11. _____ A petition filed with the U. S. Supreme Court by a | | |pauper. | | |12. _____ Considered one of the most disastrous judicial opinions| | |ever issued—declaring the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. | | 13. _____ Legal documents submitted by lawyers which set forth | | |the facts of a case. | | |14. _____ A decision of the Supreme Court which interpreted the | | |Constitution to give the Supreme Court the power to declare an | | |act of Congress unconstitutional. | |15. _____ A decision of the Supreme Court which held that the | | |power of the federal government flows from the people and that | | |federal law is supreme over state law. | | |16. _____ A judicial appointment made by a president while the | | |Congress is not in session. | | |17. ____ This is an opinion of one or more justices of the | | |Supreme Court on the losing side. | | Set 2 |1. _____ Known as the school desegregation case. |a. Opinion of the Court | |2. _____ Set the precedent that all accused persons in state as |b. per curiam opinion | |well as federal criminal trials be supplied with a lawyer, free if |c. Gideon case | |necessary. d. remedy | |3. _____ A landmark case dealing with reverse discrimination. |e. senatorial courtesy | |4. _____ A tradition under which the Senate will defer to the |f. Brown v. Board of Education | |judgment of a senator of the president’s party when determining the|g. sovereign immunity | |suitability of candidates for federal judgeships from the senator’s|h. Bakke case | |state. i. stare decisis | |5. _____ An example of a legislative court where terms are fixed |j. strict constructionism | |and justices can be removed or have their salaries reduced. |k. voting blocs | |6. _____ The rule of precedent. |l. Court of Military Appeals | |7. _____ Groups of justices on the Supreme Court who tend to take | | |consistent positions on issues. | |8. _____ This is a judicial order setting forth what must be done | | |to correct a situation a judge believes to be wrong. | | |9. _____ An approach to judicial review which holds that judges | | |should confine themselves to applying those rules that are stated | | |in or clearly implied by the language of the Constitution. | |10. _____ The doctrine that a citizen cannot sue the government | | |without its consent. | | |11. _____ This is a brief, unsigned opinion of the Supreme Court. | | |12. _____ This is the written opinion of the Supreme Court’s | | |majority. | | Did You Think That . . . ? A number of misconceptions are listed below. You should be able to refute each statement in the space provided, referring to information or argumentation contained in this chapter. Sample answers appear at the end of the Study Guide. 1. â€Å"The Framers expected the Supreme Court to play the large role that it subsequently has played. †

Grace Nichols Poems essays

Grace Nichols Poems essays Discuss the presentation of women in Grace Nichols poems. Use quotations to support your observations. Grace Nichols, and afro-american woman, lived amongst women which had to work and fight for a living. In her poems, she shows how her life was and how women had to live in those conditions. She shows many aspects of the life conditions. Firstly, Grace Nichols presents women as very hard-working and spiritually and physically strong. This is clearly shown in the poem "Those Women". For example, in the first line "Cut and contriving women", the poet wants to show that women had to do a great effort since the word "contriving" gives the idea of something hard and difficult to do. Added to this, in the first stanza, when she says "hauling fresh shrimps up in their sines", it is clearly seen that the women were physically strong since this was a tough work. Another good poem which shows the physicall and spiritual strengh of women is "Waiting fot Thelma's Laugther". In this poem the author uses vocabulary which gives the poem a sense of strength. For example, the words "crush", "scream" give an idea of a powerful and physically strong woman. In addition, in this poem, the spiritual strengh of women is underlined. When she says "You wanna scream cause your head's too small", it is shown that this woman had a great spiritual strengh since she wanted to scream out her problems. Grace Nichols also presents women by how they relate with other people, for example, with men or with their children. In the poem "In my name" the persona is a woman who describes her feelings for her unborn child. The lines when she says "and command the earth to receive you" or "Let the snake slipping in deep grass be dumb before you" show that the future mother takes good care of her child and wants the world to receive him well. Another poem which shows the relationships of women is "Be a butterfly". Lines 12, 13 and 14, "watching our mo...

Organizational behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Organizational behavior - Essay Example On the other hand, these programs focus on the dimension of leadership and culture of the organization since these two perspectives are instrumental in the overall achievement of high performance results in an organization. Importantly, change management and leadership are the most important aspects that any program that seeks to achieve high performance should focus on in order to ensure effective results that guided the success of an organization. Based on the foregoing, this expose is an evaluation of how Hewlett-Packard handled the process of change within its organization structure. Hewlett-Packard introduced an ambitious worldwide program that intended to ‘reinvent HP’ into the technology company, it was before its slow growth. Under the leadership of Carly Fiorina as CEO, HP implemented a program dubbed â€Å"Dynamic Leadership’ that was responsible for managing change in the organization. Importantly, the role played by the CEO in leading the process of c hange management was instrumental since the company achieved its objectives and managed a 15:1 ROI after implementing the program (Carter, Ulrich, & Goldsmith, 2005). In order to carry out a successful evaluation, this investigation will rely on secondary research and individual knowledge regarding the areas of leadership, organizational change, and change management. First, there will be a discussion about the idea behind creating the vision for the change process in Hewlett-Packard. In this case, the article will evaluate the process of constructing the future envisioned by the company. Secondly, there will be an evaluation of the motivation for creating change. In line with this, the factors contributing to the creation of readiness for change and overcoming resistance to change will undergo intense scrutiny. The third step involves an investigation of influencing stakeholders and an assessment of the agents for the change process. In order to achieve effective change management, it is important to manage the transition effectively. In effect, this expose will evaluate the process of transition that Hewlett-Packard followed while implementing the change process. Finally, the expose will evaluate the structures that the company implemented in order to sustain the momentum created by the change process. Creating a Vision An organization will engage in an activity that aims at ensuring that the long-term vision of the organization remained achievable. Hence, any process of change includes creating a vision that directs the organization towards achieving its objectives. For HP, its vision aimed at changing into a program that ensured that the company’s management of change was in line with its objectives and overall aims. Describing the Core Ideology In 1999, HP started experiencing lapses in its response rate and slowing down of their progress, which was worrying for a company that was leading in the technology industry. In effect, this contributed to s lowed growth with the company’s top management devising ways that would ensure that the company controlled the slow down and was back to its continued growth while maintaining the leadership position in the technology field (Carter, Ulrich, & Goldsmith, 2005). In order to achieve this objective, the top management designed a program that focused on ensuring that the management of the company remained focused to the key goals of the organization, which effectively meant that there were no overloads on the

Employee retention and development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Employee retention and development - Essay Example Employee retention is more difficult than employee recruitment process in western countries. â€Å"The expense of recruiting and re-training a new worker costing anywhere from half to 200% of the departing employee’s annual salary†(Hebenstreit, Ph.D. 2008, p.4). It is estimated that U.S. companies spent $134.1 billion on employee learning and development in 2008 (Kraimer et al, 2011, p.485). Normally an organization spends a substantial amount of money for the training and development purposes of its employees. When an employee decides to quit an organization, all the money spent for the training and development of that employee by the organization will be wasted. It is the duty of the human resource department of an organization to implement strategies to reduce employee dropouts or turnover. â€Å"The UK average employee turnover rate is approximately 15% a year, although this varies drastically between industries. The highest levels of turnover are found in private sector organisations in retailing, catering, call centres, construction and media†(Workforce Management, 2011). The above employee turnover rate is huge when we compare it with employee turnover rate in other parts of the world. The reasons for higher employee turnover rate could be different like; attractive offers from other organizations, dissatisfaction over the working conditions in the present organization, ill-health, personal problems etc. In any case, it is duty of the human resource department to reduce the employee turnover rate as much as possible. â€Å"Replacing employee is not only time consuming, but expensive, costing you between  50 to 100 per cent of that positions’ annual salary† (Employee Retention and Recruitment Tips, 2009). This paper analyses the possible employ ee retention and development strategies, HRM department can implement in an organization. Theories related to Recruitment Before analysing the employee retention and development policy in detail, it is necessary to evaluate the normal recruitment policies adopting by current organization. In fact retention starts at the time of recruitment itself and therefore HRM professionals should start their efforts to retain the employees at the time of recruitment itself. Recruitment methods can be classified into two broad categories; internal and external. Internal recruitment method is normally adopted by organization when it is in need of emergency requirement of employees at some places. For example, suppose the production manager of manufacturing industry, has resigned due to some reasons. It is difficult for the organization to wait till the HRM department identifies a suitable person using external recruitment method. External recruitment process usually consists of many time consumin g stages such as posting of recruitment ads in various medias, written tests, interviews, etc. The organization may not get a production manager at least for few months if it opts for external recruitment methods. It is difficult for a production oriented organization to manage its production works for longer periods without a production manager. So, when emergency occurs, such organizations will try to promote some of its existing supervisors to the production manager post. In other words, an organization may opt for internal recruitmen

Continental Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Continental Philosophy Essay When beginning the study of philosophy it is hard to believe that there are so many components involved with one subject. But in reality philosophy is really a broad term for many subtopics; as is the case when discussing continental philosophy, which is the philosophical tradition of continental Europe including phenomenology and existentialism. It all began with Absolute Idealism supported by such philosophers as Fichte and Hegel. It was during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that immense amounts of historical changes taking place in the world were showing in the philosophical movements of that time period. George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel begins the historical analysis of continental philosophy since it all begins with his theories. Though Hegel’s philosophies have been described as difficult his theories form the foundation for what is now known as Hegelian idealism. His theory has four main themes. The first is dependant on the â€Å"Absolute† and states that the â€Å"Absolute† is that which is most real and true and which can also think for itself. The second is based on idealism and he speaks of the objective world being an â€Å"expression of infinite thought† (Moore Bruder 2005) and that each individuals mind thought processes actually are reflections on themselves. The third theory is based on reality. For Hegel this was not an easy concept. To try to make it easier to understand our book tries to describe it as being similar to mathematics in that everything is coherently connected to another. So in order for something to be completely true it is dependant on all its parts to make it so. Then the forth theory is known as â€Å"The Absolute† and is the â€Å"sum total of reality; is a system of conceptual triads . . . the entire system of thought and reality . . . is an integrated whole in which each proposition is logically interconnected with the rest† (2005). As the nineteenth century turned into the twentieth century what seemed to transpire in philosophy was a direct result of Hegel himself. The response to Hegelian idealism in Europe became known as Continental philosophy which includes the two branches of thought that will be explored, existentialism and phenomenology. Existentialism is a philosophical movement with its main emphasis on individual existence, freedom, and choice. Existentialism became popularized in the 1900’s. Mainly due to what was happening during World War II, many of the popular existentialists were affected by the traumatic world events of that time period. Albert Camus was profoundly affected by World War II and this was depicted throughout his many writings. According to our reading he saw much suffering and despair prior to the war even starting. He eventually became active in social reform and was a member of the communist party for a brief period of time. Even though he will forever be connected to the world of existentialism, he never accepted that to be true. Regardless of his beliefs to whether or not he was an existentialist his thought process has been forever linked. Considered to be a literary genius of his time he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957. During the war, Camus published a number of works which have become associated with his principle thought processes on the â€Å"absurd†: his idea is mainly that it is impossible to make rational sense of ones experience, and human life is made meaningless by mortality. World War II brought Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre together. Sartre is arguably the most famous existentialist. Unlike Camus, Sartre was an atheist. His main beliefs revolve around the fact that there is in fact no God. For Existentialists like Sartre, the absence of God has a much larger significance than the metaphysics of creation: Without God there is no purpose, no value, and no meaning in the world. Phenomenology is the second branch of Continental philosophy that has historical connections to Hegelian idealism and thus existentialism. Phenomenology is the direct result of Edmund Husserl’s philosophies. According to Husserl, the goal of philosophy was to describe the data of consciousness without bias or prejudice, ignoring all metaphysical and scientific theories in order to accurately describe and analyze the data gathered by human senses and the mind. â€Å"Phenomenology, in theory, simply explores conscious experience without making any metaphysical assumptions† (2005). Martin Heidegger was another popular phenomenologist of the twentieth century. He was inspired by Husserl’s works. â€Å"Heidegger, too, was convinced that it was necessary to look at things with fresh eyes, unshrouded by the presuppositions of the present and past† (2005). According to him humans are actually â€Å"ignorant† to everything, what he called the â€Å"true nature of Being† (2005). It all goes back to Socrates and our inner search for something. In reality however Heidegger and Socrates philosophies are not similar in anyway. To define humans as animals capable of rational thinking is for Heidegger a distorted anthropology. He is not concerned with destroying logic, the ability to formulate analogies, or to display ratios. His mission is to preserve the fragile tendencies of spontaneous thought processes. By so doing Heidegger sees himself as presenting the phenomenal world. Continental philosophy is a form of philosophy that broadens the gap across the continents. It was the form of philosophy that took place in continental Europe during the twentieth century. It was during that time that the main philosophers of that time were being influenced by the terror and violence that was surrounding them thanks in part due to World War II. This influential time saw the rise in existentialism and phenomenology. References Moore, B. N. Bruder, K. (2005). Philosophy: The power of ideas (6th ed. ). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

College Laziness or Stupidity? The Internet Versus The Library as a Res

What makes the Internet so appealing? Whether it exists to have every answer to every problem or that the Internet provides its users with a virtual reality to be whomever they so choose, the Internet can be regarded as something that has advanced the human race into a new age while others see the Internet as an infernal contraption that has ruined society. Despite the Internet’s useful features, the uses among average college students have corrupted the idea of the Internet being a place to gain intellectual knowledge and has turned them into lazy, good for nothing halfwits. The standards most college students live by (in terms of using the Internet daily) is not enough to get them through four or more years of college. This can be stated with the utmost accuracy because to succeed at the highest level in college one must learn to use the library as a resource. The Internet makes up one of the most heavily used appliances that every college student literally depends upon. From streaming videos to surfing the web, it can be effortless to simply type just a few words into the search bar and hit enter, thereby eliminating hours of mindless work that (let’s face it) nobody likes doing. What should be called for is that many teachers across the nation should enforce a policy that restricts students from using the Internet as a primary source. The fact that many students are prepared to cut hours of work that can help them in the future is something that needs to change, and the only way it can is if teachers require students to use the library to look up and use books as a primary source when searching for information on projects One of the many reasons that I dislike the use of the Internet being a prominent part in the life of ... ... "Good Things about the Internet." Today's Parent 08 2004: 151-2. ProQuest. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. Steinberg, Jacques. "Free College Notes on Web: Aid to Learning, Or Laziness?" New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast) ed.: 0. Sep 09 1999. ProQuest. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. Apr. 2014. Thompson, Christen. "Information Illiterate Or Lazy: How College Students use the Web for Research." Portal: Libraries and the Academy 3.2 (2003): 259-68. ProQuest. Web. 28 Thurmond, Bradley H. "Student Plagiarism and the use of a Plagiarism Detection Tool by Community College Faculty." ProQuest. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. Wang, Yu-Mei. "Internet Uses in University Courses." International Journal on E-Learning 6.2 (2007): 279-92. ProQuest. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. Wegner, Daniel M., and Adrian F. Ward. "How Google is Changing Your Brain." Scientific American 12 2013: 58. ProQuest. Web. 5 Mar. 2014.

China and India’s Youth Demographics and Trends Essay

As the United States continue to grow over the years, it is certain that we should also acknowledge that other countries will be expanding also. We tend to focus how each country is growing in technology but there are many other trends that we are forgetting. Youths in China and India tend to follow their own trends. We will discuss China and India by describing the products (goods and services) that interest their youth markets, comparing and contrasting the micro- and macro-environmental forces that can influence the marketing strategies for these products, and analyzing the marketing strategies of these two countries and compare them with Western-based consumption marketers. It has been projected that in the near future the youth in China is going to be the main part of consumer spending in that country alone. The current population of the People’s Republic of China is estimated to be about 1,390,510,630. China’s population makes up around 19.3% of the world’s population (World Population Statistics, 2014). According to The Hindu (2014), the population in the age-group of 15-34 increased from 353 million in 2001 to 430 million in 2011. Every third person in an Indian city today is a youth (Shivakumar, 2014). The most significant component to successful marketing is to gain the loyalty of the youth. Today’s consumers relate to brands that help define who they are and who they will like to be in the future. The youth in China are now deciding what they want for their own lives. In the past, their parents and elders were deciding and choosing what was best for them. The families did not have much money. Unlike the youths in the U.S., the youths in China are more focused on more of what they need. They want to figure themselves out and define who they are. They are finding more way to individualize themselves and be unique. Most consumers under the age of 28 are not good at saving money. This is because they figure that they will not have to worry about anything in the future. People tend to worry about things when the problem arise, instead of preventing the problem ahead of time. In a recent survey, people said they know they will be getting between a 10 to 20 percent increase in their annual salaries. Therefore, their spending is based mostly on enjoyment. Each generation is different. The goods and services that the youth in China and India are interested in are definitely not the same as before. There are so many new technological advances that have come about. Today’s generation is more about convenience, quality, and speed. Marketers these days have finally figured out that in order to have the continuous interest of the youth consumers, they have to provide the proper goods and services. These goods and services may include: music, technology, and fashion. The western-style basis of consumption is basically all about spending more money. For instance, most young people care more about having and upgraded popular phone, and a rather expensive car. To many of the youth, image is definitely everything. Since marketing strategies now are more in tuned with advertising in ways that the youths are accustomed to, it becomes easier to attract youth consumers. It is like this in both China and India. The U.S. is now doing the same things. I see so many opportunities for the U.S. companies. These companies could do so much more, especially when it comes to the youth. The youth rules everything these days. They are into fashion, music, and especially technology. Companies can play into these interests. If these companies could learn how to advertise better; there business and profits would be booming. In conclusion, the youth in China and India are dominating. Companies are seeing an increase in profit because the youths in today’s market are beginning to take over and the most significant component to successful marketing is to gain the loyalty of the youth. China and India are the top highly populated countries. And because of this, business and money is a little better for them. The most significant component to successful marketing is to gain the loyalty of the youth. References Shivakumar, G. (2014). India is set to become the youngest country by 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2014 from http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-is-set-to-become-the-youngest-country-by-2020/article4624347.ece World Population Statistics. (2014). Population of China 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2014 from